Commercial definitions of non-alcoholic beer vary between countries, but it usually contains 0.1% to 0.5% alcohol. Most brands of non-alcoholic beer are about 0.5% alcohol. This is significantly less alcohol than what is contained in alcoholic beer, which has an average alcohol percentage of 5%. Most important methods that have been proposed or practiced for the production of non-alcoholic beer can be listed as including: Alcohol removal from beer by distillation, reverse osmosis , vacuum evaporation and dialysis or fermentation with special yeasts or cold contact method. Cold contact is a method of brewing a malt beverage having a low alcohol content is disclosed. A malt and cereal infusion having extract content below about 14% is prepared, and boiled to obtain wort. A predetermined quantity of hops then added to said wort, which is then aerated. The wort is pitched with a yeast slurry to provide a cell count of about 80 to about 180 million yeast cells per ml and fermented at a temperature of about 3°C to about 10°C for 1 to 40 hours. The yeast is then removed from the fermented wort, and the resulting brew is filtered. The alcohol concentration of the brew is then adjusted with carbonated water to a preselected level, and then the resultant brew is aged for at least 24 hours. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of temperature, time , amount of soluble content (Bx) , pH and amount of pitched yeast , on alcohol production using saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 5052 to establish the most appropriate reaction conditions for producing non-alcoholic beer
تعريف آبجوي بدون الكل در ميان كشورهاي مختلف متفاوت است.اما اين محصول به طور معمول حاوي 1% تا 5% درصد الكل مي باشد.بيشتر نمونه هاي آبجوي بدون الكل موجود, داراي 5% درصد الكل هستند كه اين مقدار به مراتب از محتواي الكل آبجوي معمولي كه به طور متوسط 5 درصد الكل در آن وجود دارد كمتر است. مهممترين روشهاي پيشنهادي و كاربردي جهت توليد آبجوي بدون الكل عبارتند از: حذف الكل از آبجو به كمك روشهايي نظير تقطير, اسمزمعكوس, تبخير تحت خلاءو دياليز, تخمير توسط روشهاي خاص و استفاده از روش تماس سرد. تماس سرد يك روش آبجو سازي جهت توليد محصول با محتواي الكل كم مي باشد. در اين روش استخراج مالت به ميزان 14% انجام مي شود و حاصل استخراج كه ورت نام دارد, جوشانده شده و مقداري از رازك به آن افزوده مي شود.سپس عمل هوادهي انجام شده و ورت توسط مايه تلقيح حاوي180-80 ميليون سلول مخمر در هر ميلي ليتر تلقيح مي شود و در دماي 10-3درجه سانتيگراد به مدت 40-1ساعت جهت انجام فرايند تخمير نگهداري مي شود. سپس توده سلولي مخمر از محصول جدا شده و عمل شفاف سازي بر روي محصول انجام مي شود.در برخي موارد غلظت الكل , با كمك آب كربناته, تنظيم گرديده و در نهايت آبجو به مدت حداقل 24 ساعت, تحت فرايند رسانيدن قرار مي گيرد. هدف بررسي اثر فاكتورهاي موثر در فرايند تخمير از قبيل دما, PH حجم تلقيح, درصد محلول ورت (BX) ودر مدت زمان تخمير بر ميزان الكل توليدي توسط مخمر ساكاروماسيس سرويزيه 5052 ATCCبه منظور تبيين مناسبترين شرايط جهت توليد آبجوي بدون الكل با الگو برداري از روش تماس سرد مي باشد.

What is beer? - Simply
put, beer is fermented; hop flavored, malt sugared, liquid.
All beer is brewed from malted barley, hops, yeast and water,
although other ingredients such as fruit, wheat and spices are sometimes used.
The yeast turns sugars in the malt into alcohol and the hops provide the bitter
flavors in beer and the flowery aroma. The flavor of the beer depends on many
things, including the types of malt and hops used, other ingredients and the
yeast variety. Getting the yeast right is essential as each variety has its own
distinctive effect on the beer.
Brewing Beer - Detailed
Version
To
make beer, brewers use water and barley to create a sweetened liquid (called the
wort), which they flavor
with hops, then ferment with
yeast. The basic process may
be simple but the execution is highly sophisticated. The stages
are malting, milling, mashing, brewing, cooling and fermentation -
followed by maturation (racking), filtering (finishing) and
packaging.
1.) Malting is the process of readying barley to be used in brewing. Barley is
a tall grass with seeds on the top of the stalk. Barley is not good for baking
but is good for brewing beer. Barley comes in many strains and varieties that
ultimately influence the flavor of the beer. Barley cannot be used to create the
wort in its normal state, because the starch in its floury kernel is insoluble.
Each step of the malting process unlocks the starches hidden in the
barley. Steeping is the first step in malting. Here the grain is steeped (soaked) in a vat of water for about 40 hours.
The next step is germination of the barley grain. To germinate the barley,
the grain is spread out on the floor of the germination room for
about three to five days where rootlets begin to form. Inside the barley is a
substance called starch. If left alone, the barley seed develops enzymes
(chemicals) to break down the starch into sugars. The barley plant would use
that sugar as energy to grow leaves and once the sugar supply is used up, the
sun would take over growing a new barley plant. The
germination process produces the enzymes which break down the starches within the grain into shorter lengths. At the end of the
germination process, about three days, the starch has become soft and the
enzymes have not started converting the starch into sugar yet. The barley grain
is called green malt.
The next process is drying or
kilning. Once the plumule or
rootlets below the husk grow to three quarters the length of the grain,
germination is halted by drying the green malt on metal racks in the kiln house
at 50° C. The temperature is then raised to 85°C for a light malt, or higher for
a dark malt. It is important that temperature increases are gradual so that the
enzymes in the grain are not damaged. The malt shoots
are removed for cattle feed, and the dried malt is stored in silos. Although
malted barley is the primary ingredient, unmalted corn, rice or wheat are
sometimes added, to produce different beer flavors.
After kilning, the result is finished
malt.
The differences in the way the barley is malted will affect the flavor, color
and aroma of the beer. There are different types of malts: pale malts are dried
at a low temperature and can produce a malt that can give the beer a pale golden
color and a slightly bready flavor such as a pilsner. Mild ale malts are kilned
to a slightly higher temperature and produce a pale malt that gives the beer a
deeper color and slightly toasted biscuit flavors in the final beer. Many
English ales go for this malt profile. Vienna and Munich malts are stewed and
lightly kilned which converts some of the starch into more sugar which give the
beer an orangey amber color and the classic toffeeish, nutty flavors of
Oktoberfest beer and other Bavarian, German specialties. The highest
temperatures are used to produce very flavorful and aromatic malts.
Caramel and Crystal malts are stewed until all of
their starches are converted into sugars then they are kilned until the sugar
caramelizes like little Sugar Daddy candies. This longer roasted,
sweet, caramel-flavored malt gives the beer a reddish-amber color, rich flavors
and a fuller body. Kiln the barley longer and at higher temperatures and the
darker and "roastier" the beer will be. (Just like higher roasted coffee beans.)
This will give the beer darker color and chocolate, coffee and espresso-like
flavors.
2.) The next process is Milling. Milling is the cracking of the grain which the brewer chooses for
the particular batch of beer. Milling the grain allows it to absorb the water it
will eventually be mixed with in order for the water to extract sugars from the
malt.
3.) The next step is Mashing. Mashing is the process of turning the finely-ground malt, the
grist, into a sweetened liquid. Mashing converts the starches, which were released during the
malting stage, to sugars that can be fermented. The milled grain is dropped into
warm water then gradually heated to around 75°
C in a large cooking vessel called the mash tun. In this mash tun,
the grain and heated water mix creating
a cereal mash to dissolve the starch into the water,
transforming it into sugar - mainly maltose.
Because water is such a vital part of the brewing process, the water itself is a
key ingredient. This sugar rich water is then strained through the bottom of the
mash and is now called wort. (Pronounced wert.)
4.) Brewing is the next step. The spent
grains are filtered out and the wort is ready for boiling which involves many technical and chemical reactions. During this
stage, important decisions will be made affecting the flavor, color and aroma of
the beer. Certain types of hops are added at different times during the boil for
either bitterness or aroma and to help preserve it.
The wort is boiled for one to two hours to sterilize and concentrate it, and
extract the necessary essence from the hops.
5.) Cooling is the next step. The wort is transferred quickly from the brew kettle through a
device to filter out the hops, and then onto a heat exchanger to be cooled. The
heat exchanger basically consists of tubing inside of a tub of cold water. It is
important to quickly cool the wort to a point where yeast can safely be added,
because yeast does not grow in high heat. The hopped
wort is saturated with air, essential for the growth of the yeast in the next
stage.
6.) Fermentation is the next step. After passing through the heat exchanger, the cooled wort goes to
the fermentation tank. The brewer now selects a type of yeast and
adds it to the fermentation tank. This is where the "real magic" of brewing
happens - when the yeast, is a micro-organism, eats
the sugar in the wort and turns it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process
of fermentation takes ten days. The wort finally becomes beer. Each brewery has
its own strains of yeast, and it is these that largely determine the character
of the beer. In some yeast varieties, the cells rise to the top at the end of
fermentation, and are then skimmed off. This is called top fermentation, and
ales are brewed in this way. When at the end of fermentation the yeast cells
sink to the bottom, the process is known as bottom fermentation, used for lager
or pils. Some special Belgian beers, called lambic or gueuze, use a third method
where fermentation relies on spontaneous action by airborne yeasts typical of
the Zenne valley near Brussels.
7.) Maturation (also called racking) is the next
step. The beer has now been brewed, but it can
still be improved through maturation. During this phase, the brewer moves, or racks, the beer into a new
tank called the conditioning tank. The brewer then waits for the beer to
complete its aging process. The taste ripens. The liquid clarifies
as yeast and other particles settle. Secondary
fermentation saturates the beer with carbon dioxide.
8.) Finishing
is the last step in the brewing process. Here the beer is filtered and
carbonated. Further filtering gives the beer a sparkling
clarity. The beer is moved to a holding tank where it stays until it is
bottled, canned or put into kegs. Filling techniques
ensure air does not come into contact with the beer, and cannot be trapped
within the container.
The
final excellence of the beer you drink depends on you. Drink the beer as fresh
as possible, serving it at the right temperature, in clean glasses, and properly
poured. Good health
آبجو چیست؟ به زبان ساده محصولی تخمیری از رازک طعم دار شده ، ،مالت شیرین شده و مایع می باشد.
همه آبجو ها از مالت جو، رازک، مخمر و آب تهیه می شوند ، اگر چه مواد تشکیل دهنده دیگر مانند میوه ها، گندم و ادویه جات و ترشی جات گاهی استفاده می شود. مخمر قند درون مالت را به الکل تبذیل می کند و رازک ا طعم تلخ و عطر گل را در آبجو را می سازد.عطر و طعم آبجو به عوامل مختلفی بستگی دارد، از جمله انواع مالت و رازک استفاده شده، مواد تشکیل دهنده و انواع مخمر است.تهیه مخمر به صورت صحیحی ضروری می باشد زیراکه هرنوع مختلعی از آن تاثیر مخصوص به خود را روی آبجو دارد.
تخمیر آبجو - نسخه تفصیلی
برای ساخت آبجو، آبجو سازان از آب و جو برای ایجاد یک مایع شیرین (به نام مخمر ابجو) استفاده می کنند، که آنها رازک را طعم دار می کنند، سپس با مخمرها تخمیر می کنند . مراحل اساسی ممکن است ساده اما اجرای بسیار پیچیده ای دارد .مراحل شامل malting، آسیاب کردن،خیساندن مالت،جوشاندن، خنک کردن و تخمیر - بلوغ ، فیلتر (پایانی) و بسته بندی.
روش تولید در ایران و اروپا
تولید
ماءالشعیر از مواد اولیه تا محصول نهایی مستلزم طی عملیات مختلف و معینی
است که در طول سالیان متمادی تثبیت شده و مورد استفاده کشورهای مختلف است.
با پیشرفت تکنولوژی و نوع ماشین آلات و تجهیزات مورد استفاده تفاوتهایی
بوجود آمده است که سبب ایجاد در روش تولید می گردد که در ادامه به تشریح
این روش ها خواهیم پرداخت.
روش معمول در ایران
در ایران ماء الشعیر به روش زیر تولید می شود:
1- مقدار معینی از مالت
را توزین نموده و بعد از آسیاب کردن یا خرد کردن در داخل مخزن پخت با
مقدار معینی آب مخلوط می نمایند. مخزن یا دیگ پخت دارای ژاکت یا جداره گرما
و همزن می باشد. عملیات هیدورلیز نشاسته مالت جو به قندهای شیرین و همچنین
تبدیل پروتئین و سایر مواد موجود مالت به مواد ساده تشکیل دهند، در این
مرحله صورت می گیرد. اضافه کردن شکر، عصاره رازک و افزودنیهای دیگر در
خاتمه عملیات هیدرولیز انجام می شود.
2- توسط صافی تفاله مالت را از
مایع حاصله Wort جدا کرده و مایع را به مخزن دیگری بنام Whirpool ارسال می
کنند تا ته نشینی صورت گیرد.
3- مایع گرم توسط سرد کننده صفحه ای
(Plate Cooler) خنک شده و در حین انتقال به مخازن دو جداره جهت نگهداری
اسیدهای خوراکی و افزودنی های دیگر اضافه می شود.
4- ماءالشعیر خنک را توسط سیستم فیلتراسیون کاملاً شفاف نموده و در مخازن تحت فشار دو جداره استیل با تزریق گاز Co2 به واحد پرکنی انتقال می دهند.
5- بعد از پرکنی و درجه بندی جهت جلوگیری از فعالیت میکروبی، آن را پاستوریزه نموده و بسته بندی می کنند.
روش معمول در اروپا
فرآیند تولید ماءالشعیر در کشورهای اروپایی و پیشرفته به شرح ذیل می باشد:
1- تهیه مالت توسط سیستم مالت سازی.
2- آسیاب کردن مالت
3- استحصال مایع مالت (Wort) از دانه مالت
4- فراوری مایع مالت و انجام فرایند تخمیر و در نتیجه الکلی شدن مایع
5- استخراج مخمر، تصفیه مایع و شفاف سازی ( فیلتراسیون)
6- بسته بندی و پرکنی با سه روش زیر:
الف) پر کردن و بسته بندی بصورت آبجوی الکل دار
ب) پر کردن و بسته بندی بصورت آبجوی بدون الکل ( استخراج الکل به روشهای متفاوتی انجام می گیرد)
پ)
روش تولید آبجوی بدون الکل ( روش جدید): در این روش مراحل تولید مالت،
آسیاب کردن، فرآوری مالت و استحصال مایع مثل سایر روش ها صورت می گیرد با
این اختلاف که اولاً تولید الکل به جهت کنترل فرآیند تخمیر صورت نمی گیرد و
از طرفی کیفیت محصول از بابت طعم و مزه مثل آبجوی الکلی می باشد.